By Stephen Lieb
Senior Technical Writer and Planner, Arizona
Department of Health Services
and part-time Instructor, South Mountain Community
College
from VISION, Fall 1991
Posted here, 6/7/2010 - Emphasis,
mine. -tp.
Adults As Learners
The field of adult learning was pioneered by
Malcom Knowles. He identified the following
characteristics of adult learners:
Adults are autonomous and
self-directed. They need to be
free to direct themselves. Their teachers
must actively involve adult participants in
the learning process and serve as
facilitators for them. Specifically, they
must get participants' perspectives about
what topics to cover and let them work on
projects that reflect their interests. They
should allow the participants to assume
responsibility for presentations and group
leadership. They have to be sure to act as
facilitators, guiding participants to their
own knowledge rather than supplying them
with facts. Finally, they must show
participants how the class will help them
reach their goals (e.g., via a personal
goals sheet).
Adults have accumulated a foundation of
life experiences and knowledge
that may include work-related activities,
family responsibilities, and previous
education. They need to connect learning to
this knowledge/experience base. To
help them do so, they should draw out
participants' experience and knowledge which
is relevant to the topic. They must relate
theories and concepts to the participants
and recognize the value of experience in
learning.
Adults are goal-oriented.
Upon enrolling in a course, they usually
know what goal they want to attain.
They, therefore, appreciate an educational
program that is organized and has clearly
defined elements. Instructors must
show participants how this class will help
them attain their goals. This classification
of goals and course objectives must be done
early in the course.
Adults are relevancy-oriented.They
must see a reason for learning something.
Learning has to be applicable to their work
or other responsibilities to be of value to
them. Therefore, instructors must
identify objectives for adult participants
before the course begins. This means, also,
that theories and concepts must be related
to a setting familiar to participants. This
need can be fulfilled by letting
participants choose projects that reflect
their own interests.
Adults are practical, focusing on
the aspects of a lesson most useful to them
in their work. They may not be interested in
knowledge for its own sake. Instructors must
tell participants explicitly how the lesson
will be useful to them on the job.
Students wrote and shot this video.
It says a lot about education and technology, today.
By Susan Jacoby Sunday, February
17, 2008; Page B01 "The mind of this country, taught
to aim at low objects, eats upon itself." Ralph Waldo
Emerson offered that observation in 1837, but his words
echo with painful prescience in today's very different
United States. Americans are in serious intellectual
trouble -- in danger of losing our hard-won cultural
capital to a virulent mixture of anti-intellectualism,
anti-rationalism and low expectations.
This Story * We're Smarter Than You Think * The
Dumbing Of America * Transcript: Outlook: We
Don't Care What We Don't Know This is the last subject
that any candidate would dare raise on the long and
winding road to the White House. It is almost impossible
to talk about the manner in which public ignorance
contributes to grave national problems without being
labeled an "elitist," one of the most powerful
pejoratives that can be applied to anyone aspiring to
high office. Instead, our politicians repeatedly assure
Americans that they are just "folks," a patronizing term
that you will search for in vain in important
presidential speeches before 1980. (Just imagine: "We
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died
in vain . . . and that government of the folks, by the
folks, for the folks, shall not perish from the earth.")
Such exaltations of ordinariness are among the
distinguishing traits of anti-intellectualism in any
era. The classic work on this subject by Columbia
University historian Richard Hofstadter,
"Anti-Intellectualism in American Life," was published
in early 1963, between the anti-communist crusades of
the McCarthy era and the social convulsions of the late
1960s. Hofstadter saw American anti-intellectualism as a
basically cyclical phenomenon that often manifested
itself as the dark side of the country's democratic
impulses in religion and education. But today's brand of
anti-intellectualism is less a cycle than a flood. If
Hofstadter (who died of leukemia in 1970 at age 54) had
lived long enough to write a modern-day sequel, he would
have found that our era of 24/7 infotainment has
outstripped his most apocalyptic predictions about the
future of American culture. Dumbness, to paraphrase the
late senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, has been steadily
defined downward for several decades, by a combination
of heretofore irresistible forces. These include the
triumph of video culture over print culture (and by
video, I mean every form of digital media, as well as
older electronic ones); a disjunction between Americans'
rising level of formal education and their shaky grasp
of basic geography, science and history; and the fusion
of anti-rationalism with anti-intellectualism. First and
foremost among the vectors of the new
anti-intellectualism is video. The decline of book,
newspaper and magazine reading is by now an old story.
The drop-off is most pronounced among the young, but it
continues to accelerate and afflict Americans of all
ages and education levels. Reading has declined not only
among the poorly educated, according to a report last
year by the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1982, 82
percent of college graduates read novels or poems for
pleasure; two decades later, only 67 percent did. And
more than 40 percent of Americans under 44 did not read
a single book -- fiction or nonfiction -- over the
course of a year. The proportion of 17-year-olds who
read nothing (unless required to do so for school) more
than doubled between 1984 and 2004. This time
period, of course, encompasses the rise of personal
computers, Web surfing and video games. Does all this
matter? Technophiles pooh-pooh jeremiads about the end
of print culture as the navel-gazing of (what else?)
elitists. In his book "Everything Bad Is Good for You:
How Today's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us
Smarter," the science writer Steven Johnson assures us
that we have nothing to worry about. Sure, parents may
see their "vibrant and active children gazing silently,
mouths agape, at the screen." But these zombie-like
characteristics "are not signs of mental atrophy.
They're signs of focus." Balderdash. The real question
is what toddlers are screening out, not what they are
focusing on, while they sit mesmerized by videos they
have seen dozens of times. Despite an aggressive
marketing campaign aimed at encouraging babies as young
as 6 months to watch videos, there is no evidence that
focusing on a screen is anything but bad for infants and
toddlers. In a study released last August, University of
Washington researchers found that babies between 8 and
16 months recognized an average of six to eight fewer
words for every hour spent watching videos. I cannot
prove that reading for hours in a treehouse (which is
what I was doing when I was 13) creates more informed
citizens than hammering away at a Microsoft Xbox or
obsessing about Facebook profiles. But the inability to
concentrate for long periods of time -- as distinct from
brief reading hits for information on the Web -- seems
to me intimately related to the inability of the public
to remember even recent news events. It is not
surprising, for example, that less has been heard from
the presidential candidates about the Iraq war in the
later stages of the primary campaign than in the earlier
ones, simply because there have been fewer video reports
of violence in Iraq. Candidates, like voters, emphasize
the latest news, not necessarily the most important
news. No wonder negative political ads work. "With text,
it is even easy to keep track of differing levels of
authority behind different pieces of information," the
cultural critic Caleb Crain noted recently in the New
Yorker. "A comparison of two video reports, on the other
hand, is cumbersome. Forced to choose between
conflicting stories on television, the viewer falls back
on hunches, or on what he believed before he started
watching." As video consumers become progressively more
impatient with the process of acquiring information
through written language, all politicians find
themselves under great pressure to deliver their
messages as quickly as possible -- and quickness today
is much quicker than it used to be. Harvard University's
Kiku Adatto found that between 1968 and 1988, the
average sound bite on the news for a presidential
candidate -- featuring the candidate's own voice --
dropped from 42.3 seconds to 9.8 seconds. By 2000,
according to another Harvard study, the daily candidate
bite was down to just 7.8 seconds. The shrinking public
attention span fostered by video is closely tied to the
second important anti-intellectual force in American
culture: the erosion of general knowledge. People
accustomed to hearing their president explain
complicated policy choices by snapping "I'm the decider"
may find it almost impossible to imagine the pains that
Franklin D. Roosevelt took, in the grim months after
Pearl Harbor, to explain why U.S. armed forces were
suffering one defeat after another in the Pacific. In
February 1942, Roosevelt urged Americans to spread out a
map during his radio "fireside chat" so that they might
better understand the geography of battle. In stores
throughout the country, maps sold out; about 80 percent
of American adults tuned in to hear the president. FDR
had told his speechwriters that he was certain that if
Americans understood the immensity of the distances over
which supplies had to travel to the armed forces, "they
can take any kind of bad news right on the chin." This
is a portrait not only of a different presidency and
president but also of a different country and citizenry,
one that lacked access to satellite-enhanced Google maps
but was far more receptive to learning and complexity
than today's public. According to a 2006 survey by
National Geographic-Roper, nearly half of Americans
between ages 18 and 24 do not think it necessary to know
the location of other countries in which important news
is being made. More than a third consider it "not at all
important" to know a foreign language, and only 14
percent consider it "very important." That leads us to
the third and final factor behind the new American
dumbness: not lack of knowledge per se but arrogance
about that lack of knowledge. The problem is not just
the things we do not know (consider the one in five
American adults who, according to the National Science
Foundation, thinks the sun revolves around the Earth);
it's the alarming number of Americans who have smugly
concluded that they do not need to know such things in
the first place. Call this anti-rationalism -- a
syndrome that is particularly dangerous to our public
institutions and discourse. Not knowing a foreign
language or the location of an important country is a
manifestation of ignorance; denying that such knowledge
matters is pure anti-rationalism. The toxic brew of
anti-rationalism and ignorance hurts discussions of U.S.
public policy on topics from health care to taxation.
There is no quick cure for this epidemic of arrogant
anti-rationalism and anti-intellectualism; rote efforts
to raise standardized test scores by stuffing students
with specific answers to specific questions on specific
tests will not do the job. Moreover, the people who
exemplify the problem are usually oblivious to it.
("Hardly anyone believes himself to be against thought
and culture," Hofstadter noted.) It is past time for a
serious national discussion about whether, as a nation,
we truly value intellect and rationality. If this indeed
turns out to be a "change election," the low level of
discourse in a country with a mind taught to aim at low
objects ought to be the first item on the change agenda.
North Olympic Peninsula Skills Center - Skills
Centers are an integral part of the K-12
systems. They provide an opportunity for students between the ages of 16 to 21
to receive
career training as part of their public education with no cost to the student.
Operating as an
extension of the high schools providing students with job preparation skills and
opportunity to
get a jump-start on a post-secondary education.
http://www.pasd.wednet.edu/school/skc/
Computer Classes in Port
Angeles at CPI Tech Center:http://www.nobodyisadummy.com/
Classes are conducted at the center. Classes are 25$, and begin at 6:30PM,
lasting until 8:30PM. Subjects included: PC Computer Maintenance, PC Backup
Solutions and Navigation, Computer Repair and Upgrades and How to Buy a
Computer. Visit the developing site.
Olympic Music School, Sequim
- on Bell Street. Pvt. Music school under the direction and ownership of
Dr. Deborah Rambo. Information via email:
olympicmusicsch@aol.com More
information forthcoming. Stay tuned.
America's Best - Continuing Education for Realtors at:
http://americas-best.net/
Now the convenience of real
estate education courses delivered on CD software, online through your
internet connection, downloadable to your computer or as correspondence books.
Real
estate license training and exam prep for the state exam and
continuing education for your renewals, all in distance education
format.
Job Training Results at area schools:
http://www.wtb.wa.gov/jtr/SearchBySchool.asp
Northwest Justice Project has developed this web
site to serve as a clearinghouse of legal self-help materials and tools that
provide information about non criminal legal problems affecting low-income
people in Washington state.
http://www.nwjustice.org/
First Teacher, at:
http://www.firstteacher.org/ "We provide parent education materials
(monthly newsletter & developmental cards) for parents of preschool children
from pregnancy to pre-kindergarten. This program is currently available in
several school districts."
Thomas Pitre Associates <SITE>
On line training, curricula design, business development, instructional design,
CD-based training and support. TP&A published the Security and Data Recovery
BLOG at: http://sec-data.blogspot.com/ [OFF LINE.]
Editorial and Commentary:
As a retired educator, teaching all grade levels in public, military and private environments, I bring over thirty four years of training and classroom experience with me -- as I endeavor to write critically and carefully about this topic. -tp, 12 May, 2008